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This is a five page article. First published in december 2013
Extract:
With this in mind, the system used in this study will be capped at 20% discharge, meaning the 18kWh system, in reality, only supplies 14.4kWh. The solar PV system efficiency is further decreased when passed through the inverter or battery management system. A factor of 0.9 (90%) is applied to the generated electricity, to account for losses associated with solar PV wiring and DC/AC inverter. Finally, all loads discharged from the battery will be 60% of what went in, to reflect the losses observed by the real-life example by Mr. Southall.
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